Dolby TrueHD (also known as Dolby Lossless) is an extension of Dolby Digital and successor of Dolby Digital Plus developed by Dolby Laboratories. It adds more channel support (up to 8 channels), more bitrate (18.64 Mbps), sampling frequency up to 192 Khz, and up to 24-bit resolution.

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Dolby Digital Plus, (also known as Enhanced AC-3) is an extension and successor of Dolby Digital developed by Dolby Laboratories for the transport and storage of multi-channel digital audio. It has a number of improvements over that codec, including support for a wider data rates (4.736 mbit/s), an increased channel count (7.1), and multi-program support (via substreams), as well as additional tools (algorithms) for representing compressed data and counteracting artifacts. 

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BDs use the MPEG-2 Transport Stream (M2TS) container file format under the .m2ts filename extension. Video, audio, graphics, and other streams are stored and multiplexed (muxed) into this container.

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 Advanced Video Coding ( AVC) (also called H.264 or MPEG-4 Part 10 Main Profile@4.1/High Profile@4.1), jointly created in 2004 by Video Coding Experts Group (VCEG) and Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG), is the most widely used video codec for BD movies. It is considered the best for its better compression without losing picture quality.

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MPEG-2  (also called H.262 or MPEG-2 Part 2/Main Profile@High Level, Main Profile@Medium Level), jointly created in 1995 by Video Coding Experts Group (VCEG) and Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) is the same video codec used on DVD but with good HD picture quality. 

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Portable Network Graphics (PNG) was created in 1996 as an open-source alternative to JPEG and GIF. It supports 24-bit true color, grayscale, and 8-bit transparency.

 

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JPEG is a lossy raster image format created in 1992 by the Joint Photographic Experts Group. It's one of the graphics formats that can be used in BD-J mode. It was designed for realistic photographic images.

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The Blu-ray disc uses the Universal Disk Format (UDF) 2.50 developed by the Optical Storage Technology Association (OSTA) is an open, vendor-neutral file system for data storage for optical discs and it's a compatible-friendly format for both Personal Computers and consumer electronics environments. A BDMV application has a standard file structure similar to the DVD. 

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  Dolby Digital (or AC3) is a lossy audio codec created by Dolby Laboratories in 1991. First used for Laserdisc and then dominating the DVD market, it has become the international standard for home theater audio. The codec is based on the modified discrete cosine transform (MDCT) compression algorithm. It has a high bitrate of 640 kbit/s (80 KB memory) and can go up to 5.1 channels. On Blu-ray, it's used commonly for special features and audio commentaries due to its advantage of MP3-like lossy compression, low bit rate (192 kbit/s) without losing quality, and conserving disc space. The last patent expired on March 20, 2017, so it is now generally free to use.

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  DTS (or DTS Digital Surround) is a lossy audio codec developed by Digital Theater Systems, Inc. in 1991. This codec is based on the adaptive differential pulse-code modulation (ADPCM) audio data compression algorithm. It uses linear prediction and adaptive quantization. It is natively coded in big-endian byte order. One of the main advantages of DTS is that it provides high-quality audio while taking up less space than PCM. As a result, DTS has become one of the most widely used audio codecs for Blu-ray Disc titles, including both movies and music. Its popularity can be attributed to the fact that it delivers high-quality audio without taking up too much storage space, making it an ideal choice for developers who want to deploy high-quality audio without sacrificing storage capacity. It can go up to 5.1 channels and has a max bitrate of 1.524 Mbit/s (190.5 KB memory).

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🎧 PCM (Pulse Code Modulation) or LPCM (Linear pulse-code modulation) is an uncompressed lossless audio codec to digitally represent sampled analog signals. It is the same codec used in Redbook Audio CDs and Laserdiscs, except it has a high bit rate of 27.648 Mbit/s (3.456 MB memory) and up to 24-bit resolution. It is the best out of the audio codecs.

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